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Intramuscular injections (IM) directly deliver vitamins, minerals, and amino acids into the muscle, allowing for better absorption and faster results than oral supplements
It also allows nursing staff to dispense repeated dosing from the same vials without contamination
MMA levels werent measured (Dangour, 2015)
Some doctors even use B12 to treat psoriasis and eczema
Intranasal administration is being explored for direct central nervous system delivery via olfactory and trigeminal nerve pathways, bypassing the blood-brain barrier and hepatic metabolism entirely
The challenge with many interventions is that they lack selectivity, affecting multiple physiological systems simultaneously and creating side effects that limit their practical application or raise safety concerns
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