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Significant exposure to smoke can cause severe symptoms that may lead to prolonged problems

The balance between genotoxins and benign metabolites is presumed to depend on concentration, localization, pH and redox state, features that are or potentially altered during disease progression ( 4 Pathway changes associated with cellular damage and inflammation in brain A systematic review of the effects of active and passive smoking of conventional cigarettes, electronic cigarettes and tobacco heating products indicated that active and passive smoking induce oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in peripheral tissues (Zieba et al., 2024), but the nervous system was not examined (Xu et al., 2024)

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Figure 5.8 illustrates two possibilities

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Lloyd-Jones, Debbie L